Alfred Hitchcock The Birds Analysis

Alfred Hitchcock The Birds Analysis The Birds was one of the most successful suspense films of its time and possibly all time. It is a superbly directed film by the master of suspense Alfred Hitchcock in 1963. The Birds was based on a novella by Daphne Du Maurier of the same name. I think this is an astounding, unbelievably, remarkable film because it does everything a suspense film should have, and more. In this article I am going to explore the suspense used in the film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. I will examine how through lighting, colour and camera angles this was one of Hitchcocks most renowned motion picture. Hitchcock was very impressive in his dramatic techniques because the tension is built in various scenes which also makes this film accomplish the horror genre in addition to suspense. Initially the audience believe the film is a comedy because it is incredibly ordinary in addition to the use of bright lights and warm colours. Hitchcock makes us as the viewer get an understanding of the characters back story before unleashing the terror in the rest of the film. The movie was very modern for its era, as a result of the use of new technology to the 60s hence the scenes are realistic which adds to its unrevealing storyline. The use of Technicolor added to the horror during the film because it was very new. Through pathetic fallacy the atmosphere is set in most scenes, for example when Melanie Daniels and Mitch Brenner are in the bird shop it is very bright and colourful which is reflected in the characters behavior in the scene. Also towards the end the lighting and colour create a dark and eerie atmosphere. The killers in The Birds and Psycho were believable however the characters remained odd and innocent characters. The introduction of the film with the character is familiar shows her sense of security however when she moves to a rural area we see a vulnerable character with unfamiliar surroundings. Hitchcock may have chosen a small town because it is seen to be more dangerous but in this setting it is more dangerous as it is isolated. The film features a mass use of the colour green for example in the scenery whilst Melanie is driving the boat the landscape is green and blue to Hitchcocks liking and also Melanie wears the same green coat throughout the film. This makes the colour green significant to Hitchcocks films. Green is not usually associated with terror and fear but Hitchcock used this to make the audience feel uncertainty in the film. When Melanie is taking the birdcage to Mitch she is viewed from the waist down showing her in a green dress. This is a reference to birds being women because Melanie is blonde haired and is wearing green, the love birds are yellow headed with green bodies. This suggestion is also made in the beginning when Melanie is walking down a busy street and hears a wolf whistle towards her. This sound is similar to a birds sound. Hitchcock also used the colour green in Vertigo the Female lead wears green. Hitchcock also uses sharp objects in many ways for example the beaks in The Bird s and the weapon in Psycho. Most of the film is set during the day which makes the viewer unsuspecting of the birds. Hitchcock does this to show the calm and peaceful atmosphere which is maintained throughout the film until the ending. Vibrant colours take over the screen predominantly, during the relaxed scenes whereas before and for the duration of the bird attacks dim, shady colours are used. For instance in the Tides Restaurant when the birds attack the atmosphere is dark which is reflected on the clothes worn, the weather and the colour of the birds (see image 1). The colour plays a key part in why The Birds is a successful suspense film. Through its use of high key lighting contrasted with low key lighting which creates a mysterious impression to the audience. An example of lighting is offered proficiently in the dead famer scene. In this scene we see the lighting symbolising the mood in the scene. It begins with Lydia walking down with very bright sunlight, as she walks towards the door the lighting begins to dim down. Entering the house we see a window with natural light but no false light in the house. This absence of light begins to suggest something bad has happened. The director has used this superbly in many of his films to create unease with the observer. Hitchcock was superior when it came to using mise-en-scene to alter the appearance of things. The room where the famer is found is bright but as the camera begins to reveal his body the lighting is darker. The shadows cover the body only exposing his face with his pitch-black eye sockets. As Lydia runs out the weather has changed to a dark stormy sky. The audience feels that this symbolises the man has died and the birds will attack again. Hitchcock creates a parallel to the book because the main character finds his neighbours killed because of the birds. The director does this because he is trying to use visual techniques such as camera angles and lighting to create a horror film atmosphere which also creates a more effective suspense film. This scene is effective because of the drama portrayed by Lydia it is also good because we begin to see different aspects to Lydias character. During the scene where the old woman talks about the scientific facts concerning the birds we see bright colours and vivid lighting but as the birds begin to attack it seems to get darker. When the man is set alight the fire signifies death and evil, as well as a warning that more birds are coming to attack. This is another scene where lighting causes suspense. The use of Chiaroscuro is very effective in scaring the audience. Also the use of long dialogue to create suspense is extremely effective because the audience is eager to find out the cause of the attacks and when they will attack again but this explanation creates the anticipating effect on the audience. The MacGuffin changes throughout the film. At the beginning the audience feels the film is a cheerful film about love but when the storyline develops the viewer thinks: Why are the birds attacking? When are they going to attack next? These questions cannot be answered because they were even analysed by the characters in the Tides Restaurant scene after the birds attacked the school but there was no rational reason. Hitchcock used the MacGuffin in many of his films for example in Psycho the characters wonder Where Is Marion Crane with the money? MacGuffin is one of Hitchcocks strong points because he uses it to make the audience have a different attitude to every scene wondering what is going to happen and why is it happening. This works well because the audience does feel the urge to find out what will happen and a number of other questions. The performance portrayed by the actors in this film is very effective as the actors and actresses are very realistic and can relate to the audience through this. Also the use of something as ordinary and everyday as birds instead of monsters and aliens used in modern films makes the film relate to the audiences life. This is a film that can affect a wide range of audiences because it would have frightened people in the 60s because of the fear of bombs attacking. Nowadays it could be a relation to global warming attacking us. Due to the death of the farmer Lydia was in more need of Mitchs protection but felt she had to compete with Melanie because both were women in Mitchs life and they felt helpless. The very moving portrayal of a needy mother by Jessica Tandy is amazing and still makes an impact to people today because this emphasises Oedipus complex. Mitch is the central character and the women seem to revolve around him which could be another cause for the bird attacks. The protagonist in the novella by Du Maurier is a farmer and Mitch lives in a barn. This is one of many similarities between the film and the book. Hitchcock developed the characters relationships in different ways to create an unsuspecting atmosphere. Melanie is the centre of this as she is a problem to Lydia Brenner and Annie Hayworth (the school teacher) as they are both women who are dependent of Mitchs love. Kathy Brenner (Mitchs sister) likes Melanie because of the love birds she received from her for her birthday and is not one of the main focuses of the film. The handing of the love birds guides to a very misleading storyline making us think it is about the love birds only because Hitchcock spent a lot of time building the characters feelings and behaviours to create an intense atmosphere for the audience thus creating suspense. In the opening credits the title The Birds was slowly pecked away by the passing crows. This use of bright light and medium shots for an introduction creates a mysterious tone for the audience. For modern audiences this could be seen as a very emotive film but long however this makes the audience even more eager to watch the film because it does not give away much information in many scenes. The power of the movie is through the use of camera angles due to the absence of a music soundtrack. Hitchcock uses a variety of methods which are incredibly effective to produce the vast suspense in the film. In many scenes tension is built to create fear and uncertainty in when the birds attack. The film is not extremely graphical in the scenes where the birds attack yet the terror is shown through his use of camera angles. For example Melanies phone booth scene, the camera moves around in the point of view of the birds then switches to Melanies view however when she is getting more and more vulnerable low angle shots are used to make her look defenceless (see image 2). As Melanie enters the phone booth a medium long shot is used. Birds-eye view is used to show her alone with the birds attacking the booth. Extreme close ups show her emotion as scared. The attack from the birds is shown with fast paced point of view shots from Melanie and the birds. Extreme close ups are used to show the characters emotions during bird attacks. At the start of the film this is used showing the characters behaviour. Predominantly when we see Melanie she looks like an upper class woman with no worries in the world through extreme close ups. She is very sophisticated which makes her weak and in danger of attack. Hitchcock uses a female protagonists in many of his films such as Psycho, Marion is alone and vulnerable and Vertigo, the female is calm and alone. Through camera angles we can see the similarities in the characters feelings. Point of view shots are used a great number of times during the film to give you an idea about what they can see and how they see things. For instance when Lydia sees the farmer we walk with her because a point of view shot is used. The body of the farmer zooms in three times to show his eyes. This triple close up shot works well with point of view shot to create a tense atmosphere. Lydia is a frightened old woman who walks in a certain way through Camera angles we find out about her need to be a woman in authority. In the playground scene of The Birds the camera shots are used to develop the still surrounding before the assembly of the birds. The long shot of Melanie Daniels walking to the bench illustrates she is alone and the empty climbing frame in the playground. She is unaware of what is going on and has her back to the birds in the climbing frame (see image 3). By doing this suggests she is exposed and vulnerable and open to attack as she is unaware of the further gathering of the birds but the audience can see this through the medium long shot. She is lower down under the birds showing she is in danger of attack by the birds. Hitchcock is trying to explore the audiences reaction to this calm place being the home of the villains of the film because the playground seems like a place of purity so the audience believes it is a cheerful place. Usually in suspense films something begins calm but changes unsuspectingly. Hitchcock used suspense to its extent because the wait in many of his scene s for the birds to come are long. This change is when the first bird lands on the climbing frame creates a sinister atmosphere. The camera cuts from mid shots of Melanie smoking and the birds building up number on the climbing frame. Mise-en-scene is used because Hitchcock makes the landscape reflect onto Melanies loneliness. The school playground and the hills in the background make the atmosphere normal and make her appear defenceless and alone. Hitchcock is trying to explore how colours and bright scenery creates a cold scary atmosphere without the use of non-diagetic sounds or speech of Melanie. The argument that the bird attacks are drawn by Mitch could be proved wrong as it has three female characters: Kathy, Melanie, Annie. The sounds are very loud and show tension such as in psycho the only sound in the shower scene is the water touching the basin. Melanie is a very vulnerable character because she is an outsider to the community and Hitchcock emphasises this in many scenes. Annie seems to be dominant and have power over Melanie because she is accepted by the community. Also Annie feels threatened by Melanie because we see her ordering Melanie to sit outside instead of staying with her in the classroom. Tilted angle shots are used in the end scene when we hear the birds approaching. The characters look up towards the ceiling where the bird sounds are coming from. The squawks could be a diegetic or non diegetic sound because they set the mood and as the volume increases the characters are more frightened and the mood is intense. Afterwards a low angle shot is used to show the defencelessness of the characters. Wide shots (Extreme long shots) are used to show the landscape and the characters surroundings and usually it is not visibly detailed. This is incredibly thrilling and terrifying and is shown in many scenes to show the birds plotting and attacking. A birds eye view camera angle is a very strange and unnatural shot but is used frequently in the film, not only in the phone booth scene (see image 4). Hitchcock could have used this as a literal birds-eye view however the shot puts the audience in a god like position because we see it from above. This could be a direct link to the judgement day explanation of the film as this shot is used when the birds begin attacking at the gas station. The first attack is referenced in the Tides Restaurant scene when the woman accuses Melanie of the bird attacks because she is the first person to be attacked in the boat. Long shots are used to show the landscape. The warm, calm atmosphere in the scene is shown by the landscape and Melanies clothing. The long shot doubles as a point of view shot for Mitch. We see what Mitch sees as she is attacked by a seagull. The bird attack could be interpreted as Melanies need be noticed by Mitch because Melanie would have gone home straight afterwards if it wasnt for the bird attacking her. Hitchcock uses a range of dramatic techniques to introduce the characters and their relation with each other. He does this to create a sense of unease and make the film have a deeper meaning than just bird attacks. This film could be about a number of other things because this scene shows the emotions between the two characters which seems to cause the first bird attack. If Hitchcock really wanted to make th e film only about birds he would have based it more around the book because the novella has a conclusion and an explanation. Also it focuses more on the bird attacks and the science than the relationship between the characters. The mother and son relationship is shown in many of Hitchcocks film for example the dominant mother in Psycho. Throughout the film Mitch refers to his mother as darling and kisses her frequently. This is a suggestion of Oedipus Complex. Mitch is in love with his mother and the absence of his father makes the mother needy. In addition to that Lydia and Melanie look extremely alike which tells us that Mitch wants his wife to be his jus like his mother. One of the most successful scenes in the film is Kathys birthday scene. It has a sense of being a very unsuspecting scene because it uses very vivid colours and has an absence of birds altogether in the landscape. This use of bright lights and bright colours make the scene seem innocent which makes the audience anticipating a bird attack or wondering why they arent attacking. This gives an idea of innocence because we see Mitch and Melanies relationship develop before the bird attack and we see their characters revealed which also adds to a build up to the climax of the birds attacking. We see Lydia is helpless by the uses of camera angles such as point-of-view shots and extreme close ups. She is scared when the birds begin to attack and is needy of Mitchs attention but he is focused on the other two women in his life Melanie and Annie. When the birds pop the balloons we hear sounds like bombs which could be a link to the Daphne Du Maurier novella because her book was based in Englan d to show the fear of bomb attacks in post war Britain. Hitchcock was trying to explore what humans are afraid of which is nature attacking the human race. Hitchcock played on the idea of being afraid of the sky and used birds instead of bombs. This scene shows how the director makes a calm peaceful scene make us think about the world and nature. Modern movies have followed this example by the master of suspense such as 2012 which shows nature attacking humans and ending the world. Towards the end when the birds attack the house the feeling of being paranoid is conveyed through the actor which implies the feeling of things coming out of the sky. This is a reference to the cold war. This also makes us as humans feel that anything can happen to us and nature can make us vulnerable. The book comes to a conclusion that the birds are influenced by the tide levels. In the beginning the humans are in control of the birds as they are caged. The tables turn when the humans are locked in their homes with the birds intimidating them. The Birds is arguably a film about the tension between families because the birds attack when different things happen to each character. The bird attacks when Melanie starts to get feelings for Mitch and when there is tension between Lydia and Melanie. Lydia is the overprotective mother and Melanie is a woman without a mother. Melanie is wealthy and has everything she wants apart from a mother. At the end we see Melanie powerless she can barely look up to Lydia but still does in a way saying that she has found her mother figure and is need of help. Also another interpretation of the bird attacks is that because the birds will never stop until humans change. The birds almost fight back after the humans treat them with cruelty trapped in zoos and cages. The phone booth scene also emphasises that because Melanie is surrounding by birds mocking her in a phone booth which looks like a bird helpless in a cage. This tells us there could be a biblical message to the film, Judgement day as discussed in the Tides restaurant. In Psycho, there is a psychologist who concludes the film by explaining why Norman Bates chose those actions, similarly The Birds an ornithologist explains the facts about birds and possible answers to their behaviour in the Tides Restaurant. The birds could be a warning from something greater than humans due to the fact that birds are traditionally a symbol of peace but in the film they connote death and evil. Hitchcock reinforces the idea that humans are in constant fear that nature will turn against them. Humans a re usually the predators of birds but in the book they are shown as eating the humans because of the weather. However in the book they kill the humans but no mention of eating. The humans are left helpless to die. Hitchcock could have also based this on the bird attacks in San Francisco because the birds attacked without an explanation. Also Psycho, Normans hobby is stuffing dead birds which could be a reference to the cruelty of humans to birds. In the beginning the lack of any non-diegetic sounds in the film makes us believe there is no music score. However Hitchcock uses the sounds of the school children and birds during the film. The squawking of the birds is very intense. When it is calm the sounds are quiet and high pitched. Before and during attacks the bird sounds range in pitch and volume terrifying the viewer. Hitchcock refers to Bernard Herrmann, a composer as a music consultant. Herrmann has worked with Hitchcock on many films such as Vertigo. Hitchcock seemed to not use non-diegetic sounds to create a nervous atmosphere which is preserved throughout the film but the bird noises seems to be internal but is a non-diagetic sound with different pitched squawks. When we are introduced to Mitchs family home Melanie on the piano is another sound which creates and atmosphere. Whist Kathy is pleading for Melanie to stay. The piano sets the mood and slows down in pace as Kathy is turned down. In the Playground Scene the childrens nursery rhyme is the only sound which gives the same effect as a non-diegetic sound. This sound is well used to create tension in the atmosphere. The children sing repeatedly to make the scene feel innocent and to show Melanie is still naive to the birds gathering behind her. Although the sound is internal it still builds up tension and fear in the film. To conclude the film was incredibly triumphant in creating suspense for the audience. The whole film has a mixture of horror and suspense. This made me feel Hitchcock deserved to be called the master of suspense. Although others may feel this is not one of Hitchcocks best films because of bad visual effects I think it is worthy of being in the top five of Hitchcocks films. Through camera angles, colour and lighting and the drama portrayed by the actors and actresses the birds continues to be a success due to it being able to frighten audiences from different time periods. The absence of a musical soundtrack is very efficient in creating suspense. The film also produces an amazingly compelling storyline and for those reasons Hitchcock will never be forgotten for his amazing works.

Mass Media Essay

The mass media are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place varies. Broadcast media such as radio, recorded music, film and television transmit their information electronically. Print media use a physical object such as anewspaper, book, pamphlet or comics,[1] to distribute their information. Outdoor media is a form of mass media that comprises billboards, signs or placards placed inside and outside of commercial buildings, sports stadiums, shops and buses. Other outdoor media include flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes), blimps, and skywriting.[2] Public speaking and event organising can also be considered as forms of mass media.[3] The digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media provides many mass media services, such as email, websites, blogs, and internet based radio and television. Many other mass media outlets have a presence on the web, by such things as having TV ads that link to a website, or distributing a QR Code in print or outdoor media to direct a mobile user to a website. In this way, they can utilise the easy accessibility that the Internet has, and the outreach that Internet affords, as information can easily be broadcast to many different regions of the world simultaneously and cost-efficiently. The organizations that control these technologies, such as television stations or publishing companies, are also known as the mass media. INTERNET The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. According to Internet World Stats, as of December 31, 2011 there was an estimated 2,267,233,742 Internet users worldwide. The number of Internet users represents 32.7 percent of the world’s population. Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community. Remarkably, this anarchy by  design works exceedingly well. There are a variety of ways to access the Internet. Most online services offer access to some Internet services. It is also possible to gain access through a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP). The Internet has become impossible to ignore in the past two years. Even people who do not own a computer and have no opportunity to â€Å"surf the net† could not have missed the news stories about the Internet, many of which speculate about its effects on the ever-increasing number of people who are on line. Why, then, have communications researchers, historically concerned with exploring the effects of mass media, nearly ignored the Internet? With 25 million people estimated to be communicating on the Internet, should communication researchers now consider this network of networks 1 a mass medium? Until recently, mass communications researchers have overlooked not only the Internet but the entire field of computer-mediated communication, staying instead with the traditional forms of broadcast and print media that fit much more conveniently into models for appropriate research topics and theories of mass communication. However, this paper argues that if mass communications re searchers continue to largely disregard the research potential of the Internet, their theories about communication will become less useful. Not only will the discipline be left behind, it will also miss an opportunity to explore and rethink answers to some of the central questions of mass communications research, questions that go to the heart of the model of source-message-receiver with which the field has struggled. This paper proposes a conceptualization of the Internet as a mass medium, based on revised ideas of what constitutes a mass audience and a mediating technology. The computer as a new communication technology opens a space for scholars to rethink assumptions and categories, and perhaps even to find new insights into traditional communication technologies. This paper looks at the Internet, rather than computer-mediated communication as a whole, in order to place the new medium within the context of other mass media. Mass media researchers have traditionally organized themselves around a specific communications medium. The newspaper, for instance, is a more precisely defined area of interest than printing-pres s-mediated communi- cation, which embraces more specialized areas, such as company brochures or wedding  invitations. Of course, there is far more than a semantic difference between conceptualizing a new communication technology by its communicative form than by the technology itself. The tradition of mass communication research has accepted newspapers, radio, and television as its objects of study for social, political, and economic reasons. As technology changes and media converge, those research categories must become flexible.

Drug Abuse Essay

DRUG ADDICTION Drug addiction is a problem that has been increasing immensely among our society today. Drug addictions can only hinder or restrain us from accomplishing goals or dreams in life. People sometimes feel they are too bright, too powerful, too much in control to become addictive. Addiction can trap anyone. It can lead to harming ones body, causing problems in family structure, and contribute to the delinquency in society. The sooner people seek help for drug addiction problems, the more chances they have of gaining control of their life once again. However, abstinence is the safest way to  live a longer and healthier life. We are greatly influenced by the people around us. Today one of the number one reasons of teenage drug usage is peer pressure. Peer pressure represents social influences that affect us. It can have a positive or a negative effect, depending on what path one follows. There is direct and indirect pressure that might influence a person’s decision i n using drugs. Direct pressure might be when a person is offered to try drugs. Indirect pressure might be when a person is around people using drugs and sees that there is nothing wrong with using drugs. Adolescents who use drugs seek out peers who also use and, in turn, are influenced by those peers (Berndt, 1992). A person might also try drugs just to fit in a social group, even if the person had no intentions of using drugs. Adolescents can try out different roles and observe the reactions of their friends to their behavior and their appearance (Berndt, 1992). One might do it just to be considered â€Å"cool† by the group. There are also other reasons why people might turn to using drugs. Emotional distress, such as personal or family problems, having low self-esteem, like loosing a close one, loosing a job, or having no friends, and environmental stress are all possible factors to causing one to use drugs.

An Analysis of Value and Growth Investing - 1056 Words

An Analysis of Value and Growth Investing Saint Leo University An Analysis of Value and Growth Investing This essay will define and identify the differences between value stocks and growth stocks. It will also explain the rationale that investors use for purchasing both value and growth stocks, and will identify whether value or growth investing has worked best over the long term. In addition this essay will provide incite as to which of the two investment methods I prefer and a justification for this preference and lastly will identify a recent example of someone who can be described as a value or growth investor and describe their successfulness with the method they chose. Value and Growth Stocks Defined According to our text,†¦show more content†¦This statement suggests that over the very long term that value investing would be best. Value or Growth Investing – My Preference Based on my research of the articles listed in my references, I would have to say that I would prefer to invest in a mix of both value and growth stocks. As an investor who does not have access to large amounts of capital, it simply makes more sense to purchase value stocks at a lower price. However, recent trends suggest that growth stocks are currently in the lead (Bresiger, 2014) so that would influence me to split my investment amongst both styles. Example of a Successful Value Investor As referenced earlier in this essay, Bruce Berkowitz is described as a value investor. In fact, he has been considered one of the top value investors and he won Institutional Investor’s 2014 Money Manager of the Year award as was indicated in the article, STOCK CHARACTER Value investor Bruce Berkowitz profits by sticking to his convictions (Segal, 2013). He won this title through value investments he made in 2011 with Bank of America and AIG. 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The stock price and the dividend are east to obtain, but the expected growth rate is difficult to estimate (Ehrhardt BrighamRead MoreWoolworths Financial Perfomance Case study1593 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿HSC Business Studies Financial Statement Analysis Task 1: Liquidity – The current Ratio = - Current ratio = Current Assets/ Current Liabilities 2013: Total current assets = 6226.1 Total current liabilities = 6866 Total current assets / Total current liabilities = 6226.1/6866 = 0.9068016312 = 0.9 (1dp) 2012: Total current assets = 5802.1 Total current Liabilities = 6766.2 Total current assets / Total current liabilities = 5802.1 / 6766.2 = 0.8575123408 = 0.86 (2dp)

Marketing Mix For Superdry Based On My Researching...

Abstract Due to the integrative development of the global economy, the business environment becomes more and more complex and thus the marketing competition is gradually increasing. Under this situation, the concepts of marketing became an important factor for businesses to run successfully among their rivals. Marketing can be defined as a process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange and satisfy individual and organisational objectives (AMA,1985). In this report, I am going to provide a brief marketing report for Superdry brand. I will firstly analysis the 7P’s of marketing mix for Superdry based on my researching. Then, I will briefly make an explanation about their brand segmentation, position and target upon their marketing information. After that, I will illustrate the buyer behavior for their consumers and list the importance of marketing research for Superdry in order for them to become a suc cessful brand. Finally, I will provide some recommendations based on the whole market environment for the brand and conclude my overall findings. Content 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. Marketing Mix Product†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ Price†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ Promotion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Physical environment, process and people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 3. The STP process Segmentation Targeting Positioning 4. Consumer

The Differences Of U.s. And South Korean Educational Systems

The differences of U.S. and South Korean educational systems and the enhancement of U.S. education (futuristic) Education, if looked at beyond its traditional sense, forms the fundamentals of our daily lives. How we act and what we believe are based upon the knowledge we gain through instruction and knowledge. Thus it’s simple to conclude that education has become the very key to a sustainable development of a nation. At a smaller scale, each individual s future is also dependent upon their levels of education, such as: the amount of income, social status, and is also a strong predictor of attitudes and wellbeing(Easterbrook et al). Such a concept is globalizing around the world, and more countries are starting to recognize the†¦show more content†¦Marc Tucker, president and CEO of the National Center on Education and the Economy claims at South Korea(Choi), students have been taught that the only way to climb socioeconomic ladder and to find secure work is through examinations(Choi). Being taught to aim and achieve the impossible at a young age, the Koreans have attained so me extraordinary achievements, including 100 percent adult literacy and are at the leading position on international comparative tests such as SAT(Choi). However, such accomplishments come with an expensive cost, students are constantly under immense stress to study, perform, and failures are no options for them. According to Elizabeth Shim, a freelance journalist who specializes on Korean affairs, the suicide rate in South Korea has become the leading cause of death with a horrifying number of 7.8 per 100000 for teenagers from age 15 to 24, and the number is still growing(Shim). This perfectly demonstrates the set of principles which the Korean people are trying to teach their next generation, work hard and diligently, which is the only road toward success. With no doubt, growing up with constant competitions, failures, and more competitions, the Korean model has taught the students how to work hard and how to persist(Ripley, 199). However, these statistics are merely numbers, how exactly would theyShow MoreRelatedCulture Paper1120 Words   |  5 Pages Culture Paper: South Korea The Korean peninsula has been inhabited for roughly 40,000 years. Many significant events throughout Korea’s history have played important roles in shaping Korea’s culture into what it is today. The name Korea originally rooted from â€Å"Koryo,† which was the succeeding dynasty in 918-1392 after the Tongil Silla period (period in which the peninsula was unified). Korea was imposed by Japanese colonial rule and finally liberated at the end of World War II in 1945. FollowingRead MoreCriminal Justice System : Crime, Policing, Courts, And Corrections3651 Words   |  15 PagesThe analysis of a Criminal Justice System should take place in four sections: crime, policing, courts, and corrections. Crime occurs ubiquitously in the world; crime is so common that there is an entire profession made to study why crime occurs, there is also another profession meant to enforce the laws that define what is criminal. South Korea, like most other countries, has a common require ment to enter their criminal justice system: committing a crime is the first step in the process. The mostRead MoreThe United States And Korean Immigration History1656 Words   |  7 Pagescitizen in 1890 and strove to educate fellow Koreans and Americans in democracy and freedom throughout his life. Another immigrant and prominent figure in the Korean immigrant community is Ahn Chang Ho. He came to the United States in 1902 to get a better education and eventually became a political activist during the Japanese occupation of Korea. Another prominent figure in Korean immigration history is Syngman Rhee. Rhee was a Korean immigrant to the U.S. who eventually became the first presidentRead MoreTerm Paper-Lowes Bd 10-Year3567 Words   |  15 PagesLowe’s into the Korean market. With any major investment, it is important to consider the monetary and non-monetary aspects including gaining an understanding of the culture, the ideal management approach, past and future trends, along with political roadblocks. In this paper, the following information provides a roadmap to the decision-making process. First, an assessment of the Lowe’s vision, mission, and promise are discussed and compared to the similarities and differences within Korea. Read MoreCountry Notebook Essay12249 Words   |  49 PagesIntroduction This research paper will be an in-depth analysis of South Korea and understanding effect on market. The paper will cover descriptions of the country and the financial conditions which are relevant for conducting this research. Concluding the paper we will have a recommendation as to whether or not it will be advisable for a Medical Products, Inc. to engage in South Korean Market. Medical Products, Inc. (MPI) is a U.S. firm founded in 1998 by a small group of medical and scientificRead MoreCultural Analysis of North Korea Essay12722 Words   |  51 PagesSETTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Figure 1 Geographic Map†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Figure 2 United States GDP per Capita†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16 Figure 3 North Korea GDP per Capita†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...17 POLITICAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...21 EDUCATION AND LANGUAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.26 Education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.26 Figure 4 Graph of Education structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...27 Figure 5 Kim Il Sung University†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.29 Figure 6Read More South Korea Essay1788 Words   |  8 PagesSouth Korea History Korea’s original name, Choson, Meant â€Å"land of the morning calm.† The country’s history has been shaped by frequent invasions from its neighbors. 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In that category, there are many sub categories such as Protestant, Catholic, Mormon, Jehovah’s Witness, Orthodox etc. About 4.7 percent believe in other religions such as Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism etc. (Religion) In order to become a culturally competent nurse, one must fully acknowledge the difference between these religions as well as special considerations of said religions that

Healthcare Ethics Ethical Dilemma

Question: Discuss about theHealthcare Ethicsfor Ethical Dilemma. Answer: Introduction This essay aims to discuss the ethical dilemma by selecting a case study. The case study that has been selected is case study 4. In this case scenario the stakeholders include, the Registered nurse (RN), Paramedics and the patient. All these individuals have been affected by the ethical dilemma. The essay will differentiate the legal and ethical conflicts and will provide an explanation for them with respect to the rights and dignities of the stakeholders in the given case and the virtues and principles of healthcare ethics, which inform professional practice along with the relevant codes of ethics or professional conduct. In addition, it will propose a legally as well as ethically defensible resolution to the conflicts in the case scenario. The case scenario highlights the ethical dilemma, which has been faced by the R.N, paramedics and the patient, named Elsie Lee aged 88 years who was moved to the Residential Aged Care Facility as she faced difficulty due to severe rheumatoid arthritis and short-term memory loss along with an impaired vision. The nurse manager in the Residential aged care facility suggested that she should be provided with Advanced Care Directive (ACD). The patient agreed and was pleased that she had been given with this opportunity. She neither wanted an aggressive treatment nor did she want to be resuscitated. She developed severe chest pain on Friday night and she had an irregular pulse rate and a low BP. An ambulance was called by the R.N and the patient pleaded before the paramedics to leave her in that situation but the RN insisted that she must be transferred. In this process, the patient suffered a cardiac failure and was declared dead. The family of the patient claimed that the patient died d ue to the stress by being shifted to the hospital and demanded that the R.N, the RAC facility and the paramedics must be sued because of the assaulting and battering of the patient. In this case, scenario, the dignity of patient has been hampered as before shifting her to the hospital, the staff of the hospital did not consented her and the stress of shifting to the hospital is responsible for her death. On the other hand, the hospital staff did right on their part, as their most important responsibility was to save the life of the patient, as the situation was severe. They were bound with their duties. There are several ethical theories that can be taken into consideration with respect to the case scenario such as Deontology and virtuous theory (Tonti-Filipini, 2011). Deontology highlights that the right defines the good independently. It is a normative moral position, which reviews the ethics of an action founded on the adherence of actions to a rule or a set of rules. It stresses on the fact that an actions are more important in comparison to the consequences. It is also known as duty-based ethics. It teaches that an act is right or wrong depending on the situation and the individuals are obliged to act accordingly, despite of the good or bad consequences at the end. In deontology, Kantian ethics states that- an action is correct, if it complies with an ethical principle or rule. The moral concrete specification of this theory states- an ethical rule is one, which is necessary for rationality. The stakeholders (R.N and the paramedics) have done right on their part, as they were obliged with their duties and that is why they did not listen to the patient. Even though the patient pleaded, in front of the paramedics but they did not listen to the patient as for them in that situation, their main concern was to save the life of the patient. This theory can be associated with the case scenario as the R.N and the paramedics took a step of shifting the patient to the hospital as they as were more concerned regarding the well-being of the patient. They made this decision irrespective of thinking about the consequences. Therefore, they did not consent the patient or her family before shifting her to the hospital. Another theory, which is relevant to the c ase scenario, is virtue ethics, which deemphasizes set of laws, consequences and specific acts (Townsend Luck, 2013). It focuses on the kind individual who acts in a particular situation. Virtue ethicists have carried out a discussion regarding the definition and nature of virtues and other associated problems. According to them, a virtue is usually concurred as a character trait like customary action or developed attitude. In particular, it is a positive characteristic and the individuals who possess it are good human beings (Kerridge, Lowe Stewart, 2013). This section of the essay will discuss the rights and dignity of the stakeholders in the case scenario. Looking to the other side of the case scenario, the R.N and paramedics did not thought regarding the dignity of the patient, as in spite of pleading in front of the paramedics, they did not listen to her. This act hampered the dignity of the patient, which is not at all acceptable. Every healthcare professional should think regarding the dignity of the patient (Berglund, 2012). The philosophy of libertarianism establishes the right of an individual to liberty, to attain, to maintain, and exchange their assets, and think about safeguarding the individual rights. For every patient, dignity is important and is a fundamental right (Fisher, 2011). The Australian Charter of Healthcare rights illustrate the rights of patients and other individuals who use the Australian healthcare system. For making sure, that whenever and wherever healthcare is offered that it safe and is of a high quali ty, these rights are crucial (Grace, 2013). It has been recognized by the charter that the individuals receiving care and the individuals who provide care have a significant role in attaining the rights of healthcare (Catholic Health Australia, 2001). This charter allows the patients, families, care providers, consumers together with the services offering healthcare for sharing an understanding concerning the rights of individuals who receive healthcare. It assists all for working mutually towards a healthcare system, which is of a high quality and is safe. On the other hand, the nurses and the healthcare professionals possess the right for practicing in a manner, which fulfills their responsibility with respect to the society and the individuals receiving care. The healthcare professionals possess the rights of working in an environment, which permits them to act with respect to the professional standards and range of practices, which are legally authorized (Freegard, 2012). This section of the essay will discuss regarding the virtues and principles of healthcare ethics, which inform professional practice. Beauchamp and Childress principles of healthcare ethics apply to the healthcare professionals. It includes beneficence, non-maleficence and autonomy (Gastmans, C. (2013). For the R.N, beneficence and non-meleficence can be taken in to consideration. Beneficence is a core principle which is concerned with patient advocacy and doing good to the patients. It addresses the thought that the actions of the nurses must promote good. They should always think regarding the wellness of the patient and should do what is best for the patients. Beneficence should never be with confused with nonmaleficence (Beauchamp Childress, 2012). However, both are closely related to each other. Non-maleficence refers to not causing harm. The healthcare professionals have to be skilled in their field for avoiding causing any injury or suffering to the patients in the healthcare settings (Grace, 2013). According to this principle, the healthcare professionals need to have compassion and they should be capable of taking positive actions for helping the patients and should have a desire of doing good. In addition, they must focus to ensure that their patients receive the quality treatment for achieving the optimal results (Kerridge, Lowe Stewart, 2013). In this case scenario, the R.N and the paramedics should have thought regarding the principle of beneficence and non-maleficence. In addition, they must have respected the autonomy of the patient (Grace, 2013). In clinical ethics, respect for autonomy of the patient is a fundamental guideline. It is not merely to allow the patients for making their own decisions. The healthcare professionals are obliged for creating the conditions essential for autonomous preference in other individuals. For the nurse and physicians, it is necessary to respect for the autonomy of the patients. In this case scenario, the R.N and the paramedics did not respect the autonomy of the patient and due to the stress of getting shifted to the hospital, she died. This section of the essay will discuss the relevant code of ethics for R.N and paramedics and will describe the rights and responsibilities of the patients receiving care. The practicing nurses in the healthcare settings must practice in a skilled manner and must ensure the safety of the patients. They must practice according to the standards of the nursing profession. Their practice must be in accordance with the laws of their country in which they practice (Freegard, 2012).The must respect the self-respect, beliefs, values, ethnicity and culture of the patients receiving treatment as well as care. They must not provide the personal details of the patients to the unknown persons and must keep the information confidential. They must always provide accurate, honest and fair information with respect to the nursing care and products of healthcare (Grace, 2013). The must always think regarding the health and wellbeing of the patients and should always consent them before carrying out any treatment (Grace, 2013). They should always think of promoting and preserving the faith and benefit inherent in the association between the nurses and the patients receiving treatment and care. On the other hand, the members of the paramedics while performing their professional duties must be reliable, sincere and honest. They must always ensure that their actions and care exhibit respect for the patient as an individual and should take care of the patient appropriately. They must be responsible and liable for their individual decision with respect to their profession (Kerridge, Lowe Stewart, 2013). They should be proficient and should enhance their knowledge as well as skills in regard to their practice. They must always maintain the confidentiality of the patients and should not disclose the information to anyone except in few exceptional cases (Ozolins Grainger, 2015). They should support, promote and participate in the activities of research involving the practices of pre-hospital care, services of technical support systems (Morrison et al., 2014). The rights as well as responsibilities of patients include right to confidentiality, access to care, right to information, right to know the identity of the care providers, right to receive efficient communication and right to informed consent and denial. The patients should provide the complete information regarding their health and the changes in their health conditions to the healthcare professionals. They should follow the hospital rules and should be considerate regarding the rights and possessions of the other patients. The patients should follow their treatment plan and tell their concerns to the doctors or nurses (Ozolins Grainger, 2015). The case scenario is ethically defendable as the R.N and the Paramedics did what was required to be done in that situation. They were ethically bound with their duties and that is why, they did not consent the patient as she was not in a state of giving consent. Hence, they only thought regarding the well being of the patient. However, if one sees the other side, the R.N and paramedics went against the wish of the patient due to stress of shifting, the patient died. In future, the resolution to these conflicts concerns a proper understanding between the patient and the nursing staff. If such kind of situations arises, in which the patient cannot be consented then, in that case, the family members of the patient should be consulted first so that the nursing staff and the patients along with their families do not face ethical dilemma (Johnstone, 2016). To conclude, the case scenario is a lesson for the nursing professionals, patients and their families. All of them should not blame each other for the ineffective care or sometimes accidental deaths of the patients receiving treatment and care. The nursing professionals should follow the code of professional conduct in their practices and the patients should always think of their roles and responsibilities while receiving care and treatment. The nursing professionals and the patients should always respect each others dignity and should ensure that such kind of ethical dilemmas are not faced by them in future. References Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008). Code of ethics for nurses and midwives in Australia. ACT: Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. Banks, S., Gallagher, A. (2009). Ethics in professional life: Virtues for health and social care. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2012). Principles of Biomedical Ethics (7th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press Berglund, C. (2012). Ethics for health care. (4th ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford Catholic Health Australia. (2001). Code of ethical standards for Catholic health and aged care. Retrieved from https://www.cha.org.au. Fisher, A. (2011). Catholic bioethics for a new millennium. Cambridge: CUP. Freegard, H. (2012). Ethical practice for health professionals. (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Cengage Gastmans, C. (2013). Dignity-enhancing nursing care A foundational ethical framework.Nursing Ethics,20(2), 142-149. Grace, P. J. (2013).Nursing ethics and professional responsibility in advanced practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Johnstone, M. (2016). Bioethics : A Nursing Perspective. (6th Ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Kerridge, I., Lowe, M., Stewart, C. (2013). Ethics and Law for the Health Professions (4th ed.). Sydney: The Federation Press. Morrison, Eileen E, Furlong, Elizabeth. (2014). Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century. (3rd Ed.). Sudbury. MA: Jones and Bartlett Occupational Therapy Australia. (2014). Code of ethics. Retrieved from Occupational Therapy Australia: https://www.otaus.com.au/sitebuilder/about/knowledge/asset/files/76/codeofethics%282014 %29.pdf Ozolins,J.T. Grainger, J. (Eds.). (2015). Foundation of healthcare ethics: theory to practice. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press Speech Pathology Australia. (2010). Code of ethics. Retrieved from Speech Pathology Australia: https://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/SPAweb/Document_Management/Public/Ethic s.aspx Tonti-Filipini, N. (2011). About bioethics: Philosophical and theological approaches. Ballan: Connor Court Publishing. Townsend, R., Luck, M. (2013). Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics: Australia and New Zealand. Chatswood: Churchill Livingstone. https://www.acu.eblib.com.ezproxy1.acu.edu.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1724010