Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Sci/241 Supplements

Dietary Supplements Ashley Kaiser SCI/241 October 14, 2012 Diane Peffer Dietary Supplements Just like anything there are beneficial things and awful things that can join it. Our bodies need certain things, for example, supplements, water and even certain minerals to endure and be sound. Albeit commonly we need getting the right sums so there are things that are made to help ensure we get the sum required. One of these things that are made for us to help in our every day diet is dietary supplements.Many individuals consider dietary enhancements as containing only one sort of thing, for example, minerals, however in all actuality there are diverse dietary enhancements that are intended for various things. A dietary enhancement has an essential meaning of dietary enhancements are nutrients, minerals, herbs and different substances that are intended to better someone’s diet. A dietary enhancement can come in a wide range of shapes and sizes, for example, pills, powders, cases and even liquids.Many of these dietary enhancements can help a person’s wellbeing out enormously, for example, a pregnant lady taking folic corrosive while help forestall some birth absconds for their child (MedlinePlus, 2012). With regards to taking dietary enhancements there are certain advantages for taking them. It is demonstrated that if an individual eats an even eating routine they ought to have the option to get enough of the nutrients, minerals and with the end goal that they need, however If a person’s body is deficient with regards to taking a dietary enhancement can compensate for that. Dietary enhancements are likewise utilized as a restorative measure toward certain wellbeing conditions or hazard factors.One of the fundamental enhancements that are utilized to treat something is Iron; this is utilized to shield an individual from getting frailty which is an iron insufficiency (Perry, 2011). There are likewise chances that happen with utilizing dietary enhance ments that go from various levels and even things. In the United States dietary enhancements are not watched and managed as carefully as medications seem to be. In spite of the fact that it is expressed that they may not sell dangerous items there are numerous item out there being sold as dietary enhancements and they are not.Some of these items are weight reduction items, muscle building items, and even sexual enhancers. It can likewise be risky if an individual is taking an over the top enhancement, for example, nutrient B6 which can cause nerve harm whenever taken in huge portions for quite a while. An individual ought to likewise consistently check with their primary care physicians before taking any dietary enhancements since it can respond to drug an individual is on or some ought to be maintained a strategic distance from before surgery’s (Perry, 2011). In spite of the fact that there are a wide range of guidelines out there for drugs there are just sure ones for dieta ry supplements.Dietary supplements are not observed intently and are not made to enlist with the FDA. They are as yet required to mention to the FDA what unfriendly impacts happen with dietary enhancements, for example, wounds and diseases, and they are additionally made to ensure that the marks are not deluding and the item is protected. The most ideal approach to know whether a dietary enhancement is protected is by buying it under something many refer to as the great fabricated practices program. This program has exacting and nitty gritty rules for making items implied for any utilization by an individual (Marks, 2011).There are a wide range of dietary enhancements out there available intended to help in specific diseases. One enhancement is called Nature’s own movement well ginger, which is intended to help oversee movement disorder. Numerous voyagers or individuals period get movement affliction from various things, for example, heading to even nausea. In any case, this prescription doesn't help with sickness and heaving it additionally assists with absorption, stomach or intestinal squeezing, and in any event, keeping up solid stomach related function.The measurements for this enhancement is to take one pill a half hour before voyaging and at regular intervals after varying, yet don't surpass more than three every day. It expresses that there are nothing appearing of negatives to treat this illness however on the off chance that the issue perseveres that the individual should contact their PCP (My Health Warehouse, 2012). As it has been demonstrated there are a lot of positives about dietary enhancements however one despite everything should be careful about them.It might be something that will or can assist you with losing weight yet recall that dietary enhancements don't should be looked out for by the FDA. In the past individuals didn't have any of these dietary enhancements to help in anything. Exercise and a decent and solid eating regimen ca n have a major effect in an individual (Marks, 2011).References Marks, S. (2011). Government Regulations for Dietary Supplements. Recovered from http://www. livestrong. com/article/469833-government-guidelines for-dietary-supplements/MedlinePlus. 2012). Dietary Supplements. Recovered from http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements. html My Health Warehouse. (2012). Nature’s Own Travel Well Ginger 1000 30 Tablets. Recovered from http://myhealthwarehouse. com. au/wellbeing condition/wellbeing condition-general-prosperity/nature-s-own-travel-well-ginger1000. html Perry, M. (2011). Dietary Supplements 101: Definition, Benefits, Risks, and Regulations. Recovered from http://www. builtlean. com/2011/11/10/dietary-supplements/

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Inclusion of EBD students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consideration of EBD understudies - Essay Example In the end, the United States government rolled out various administrative improvements to address this issue and have helped change general supposition to give unique needs understudies a lot more points of interest. Today the objective of the United States’ custom curriculum program is to empower youngsters with extraordinary requirements to turn out to be full citizenry. One of the issues that the United States faces with extraordinary necessities programs is that instructors are not setting up every single uncommon need understudies as a few escape everyone's notice of an overburdened framework. Understudies with imperceptible impediment have been abandoned and pushed aside. For instance, understudies with enthusiastic conduct issue are not completely remembered for the school programming. The most effortless approach to manage them has been to drive them away into extraordinarily planned ‘behavior’ study halls. Absence of financing has kept numerous frameworks from including the sort of genuine help these understudies need to assist them with getting fruitful in the homeroom and, thus, become full citizenry. Since the beginning the treatment of understudies with extraordinary requirements has been messed with bad form and improper practices. Numerous exceptional needs understudies were put in shelters and establishments. The refuges and establishments of the mid 1900’s were supplanted with â€Å"special classes† by the 60’s and 70’s where understudies with incapacities were isolated and named. In spite of the fact that these classes were improvement over the havens, the kids in these projects were demonized and were given little chance to cooperate with everyone in the schools. These understudies had small comprehension of the person to person communication vital for coordination into society and in this way had minimal possibility of accomplishment. With time, these unique classes step by step started to incorporate understudies with more subtle handicaps. In these classes understudies were educated by

Monday, August 10, 2020

Getting Involved in Campus Inside and Outside SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Getting Involved in Campus Inside and Outside SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Of course, youre thinking of applying to SIPA for all the great classes climate policy and impact investing we have and all the super smart professors butttttt.you might be forgetting something THE PEOPLE!!!!!!! The people at SIPA is one of SIPAs best attributes. The people here are awesome and one very important way to meet more people is getting involved in campus groups and student life!!!! I myself, am the Communications and Marketing Chair of SIPA Students of Color, aka, I tell people in SIPA about the events and talks we are having as well as spending a lot of time looking up memes for newsletters. Due to this role, I have met some cool people who I am glad to say are very good friends (awwww  33). There are many great student organizations here, some of which include Digital Cyber Group, Migration Working Group and SIPA Pan-African Network. Anything you are interested in policy-wise, you can find it at SIPA. And if you cant find it, you can start a new group. Youll soon be drowning in events with interesting guests including diplomats, CEOs, managers, policymakers and more! Now SIPA is lovely and all, but you may need a break from the International Affairs Building seriously, we spend a lot of time here and its important to get out of the SIPA bubble and meet people from other schools. Columbia University Life is always throwing events that bring together students from different graduate schools.  Last year, I met students from Columbia Business School and Columbia Law School at a Latin Student Mixer. Every now and then, I go to talks/events/panels at Maison Francaise/Journalism School/Law School/[other schools that are not SIPA] to meet students from other fields of study and get a feel of something other than international affairs and economics. There are so many cool things going at SIPA that it is easy to forget how much is happening across Columbia University and at the other schools here. I sign up for a lot of experiments so I have met postdocs at the Zuckerman Institute as well. This is all to say that class is great, but dont forget that a big part of your grad school experience will be the people you meet. SIPA and Columbia in general have A LOT of interesting people to meet. Remember to take a break from schoolwork and wander around campus, go to different buildings and explore. The University Life app will keep you up to date about what is going on around campus so pay attention to it!

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Childhood Obesity Is An Alarming Issue In Australia, And

Childhood obesity is an alarming issue in Australia, and there is not only a rapid national epidemic in Australia and around the world. Obese children are likely to develop detrimental problems in their health and have enduring social, health and economic effects that permeate throughout adulthood. Early detection and management of childhood obesity are critical in preventing obesity during adulthood, considering it is a significant contributor to the adulthood epidemic. Thus, there are several social determinants of health that directly impact childhood obesity. It is crucial to understand the link between social determinants of health and childhood obesity to gather appropriate intervention and prevention ways to decrease the detrimental†¦show more content†¦Reducing the effects of childhood obesity requires early interventions and parents play a primary role in the proper management of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity correlates with dietary preferences and habits, wh ich sets in early childhood. Almost one in four school-aged children in NSW are overweight/obese. To shape a child s wellbeing, parents need to place decent health practices such as nutritious meals, substantial sleep and physical activity, and overall good education. Parents who are overweight or obese themselves or have negligent parenting methods can heighten the risk of childhood obesity among their children. Thus, it is crucial that nurses focus on family interventions rather than individuals. The social gradient is a compelling SHD impacting on childhood obesity. In particular, poor social and economic situations can chiefly impact on a child s health. Children are the bottom of the socio-economic ladder have at least double the risk of harmful diseases and premature death than those at the top; great variation is due to race and gender differences. Nearly 30% of children in the socially disadvantaged groups were beyond a healthy weight in contrast to approximately 20% for those who are socioeconomically advantaged. Moreover, a greater quantity of boys from years 2, 4 andShow MoreRelatedSchools Should Implement Programs Tailored to Prevent Childhood Obesity796 Words   |  4 Pagesadverse consequences of childhood obesity on the overall prosperity of the country, elucidating the urgent requirement of prevention programs in schools. Childhood obesity is one of the most alarming public health challenges of the 21st century(World health organisation.(2012). Obesity according to Bruce-Keller et al.(2009) is ‘a physiological condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that it can negatively affect health†™. Over 90% of children in Australia attend school, more thanRead MoreMedia Article And The Social Determinants Of Health931 Words   |  4 Pagesto discuss how obesity can potentially be the cause of several health issues, with appropriate evidence to support this. The media article ‘Shocking Statistics That Illustrate Australia’s Obesity Problem’ written by Leigh Campbell in the Huffington Post Australia Newspaper on February the 24th 2016 will be discussed throughout the report (Campbell, 2016). The newspaper article focuses on the alarming increase in numbers of obese individuals in Australia and the many health issues associated. AnalysisRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Primary Health Care Perspective1982 Words   |  8 Pages CHILDHOOD OBESITY The University of Notre Dame Fremantle Stella Speelman - Define and describe the health topic from a primary health care perspective (including health promotion and prevention) - Poster Marina Favazzo - Identify the causes for this health topic, including the social determinants of health, described in relation to the community setting - Poster Charlotte McCormack - Identify pertinent and current Australian morbidity and/or mortality statistics associated with this healthRead MoreFactors That Influence Obesity Rates Among Children Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will describe the factors that influence obesity rates among children. It will review relevant literature concerning the bio-psychosocial facts and etiology involved in childhood obesity. This paper will discuss why this is a problem not only for the client system, but also a significant social problem. Multiple systems will be explored to support the continuation of the problem on a micro, mezzo and macro level. Some specific policies that exacerbate the problem will be looked at alongRead MoreObesity Reduces an Indivuals ´ Life Span 739 Words   |  3 PagesThe average weight of the population is on rise, not only in Australia but throughout the world, by 2025 the World Health Organisation has estimated that round 300 million people will meet the cr iteria to be classed as overweight or obese (World Health Organisation, 1998). Over the last couple decades Australia has seen a noticeable shift towards an increase in the populations Body Mass Index, which data has shown is accounted from by weight gain and not height changes (National Health Survey, 2008)Read MoreThe Impact Of Diabetes And How It Is Affecting Australian People2090 Words   |  9 PagesIdentification and Analysis Health concern 1#- Rapidly increasing rates of diabetes within Australia Health issue 1#- The impact of diabetes and how it is affecting Australian people In Australia there are a variety of health issues that are concerning to the population, one in specific however that is notably on the rise is Diabetes. Research and recent studies suggest that this particular health issue is one of the biggest challenges confronting Australia’s health system today, with approximatelyRead MoreObesity and Its Impact on Todays Australian Culture and Society2983 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ Obesity its Impact on Todays Australian Culture and Society Introduction Obesity is best referred to as the red alert health zone. World health Organization (WHO 2012) defines obesity as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Body mass index (weight/height2) is a measure that determines overweight and obesity. The reports shows that BMI greater or equal to 25 comes under the category of overweight, whereas, if BMI is greater than or equal to 30 then the personRead MoreFast Food and the Obesity Epidemic in America Essay1772 Words   |  8 PagesObesity is an epidemic in America, greatly impacting youth, the health care system, and economically vulnerable populations. Among all of the high-income countries in the world, obesity rates remain the highest in the US. According to Harvard, US obesity rates have more than doubled since 1980, although they have remained the same since 2003. (Harvard School of Public Health) Approximately 31.9% of children and adolescents from the ages of 2 to 19 are obese or overweight (NPLAN), while rou ghly 69%Read MoreObesity in Children1903 Words   |  8 PagesObesity in Children 1.0 Introduction Article 1: Obesity among School Children – Causes and Treatment Writer: Prof. Dr. Nasoha Saabin Source: http://mthago.wordpress.com/2011/05/14/obesity-among-school-children-causes-and-treatment/ Obesity among school children in Malaysia is gradually growing until the Minister of Health has issued a rule to prohibit school canteen from selling Nasi Lemak to the school children as he believes that Nasi Lemak has provided too much carbohydrateRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Childhood Obesity3013 Words   |  13 Pages The epidemic of childhood obesity Childhood obesity is an important issue because of this diseases impact over the past few years. With the changing of lifestyles, the production of children who are not as healthy as they should be has increased. Due to these results, a widespread of children being obese has occurred. The Center for Disease Control, CDC, distinguishes between being overweight and being obese. Overweight simply means that the weight is high compared to others in the same height category

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

A Brief Note On Anorexia And Anorexia Nervosa - 1148 Words

Anorexia is a severe eating disorder which is generally characterized by severe weight loss and life threatening dieting these then results in malnourishment (Anorexia Nervosa , 2015). Bulimia and Anorexia are known to be the two most largely known eating disorders that are very serious and affect many teenagers. 95% of people suffering with anorexia are known to be girls however there’s an average 5% of males that suffer from this mental illness. Anorexia is when the brain goes into over drive to control over the amount of food they eat and the size of their body (unkown, Eating Disorders/Malnutrition). Anorexia is a very serious and life threatening mental illness. A person suffering from Anorexia Nervosa is very unwell people and need help (Unkown, 2015). There are several known causes for anorexia and these causes may differ between people. These known causes may include, cultural factors, social factors, genetic predisposition and environmental factors. As Anorexia is a fatal disease there are then some vital symptoms people will have a loss of at least 15% of the person’s body weight this is due to the Anorexic sufferer refusing to consume any food no matter how hungry the sufferer may be (Unkown, The department of health, 2007) The sufferer may gain a negative mind set leaving them to consider themselves as too fat no matter how underweight and thin they will be. Anorexics have the urgent desire and need to exercise excessively. Anorexics have an intense fear ofShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1280 Words   |  6 PagesAnorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Eating disorders are classified as mental disorders and can lead to life threatening damage. It is important to manage eating disorders to prevent health effects. There are many different possibilities for patients with disorders. Common treatments for eating disorders can consists of counselor or therapists. Early detection is important to limit future oral health effects. A dental hygienist has an advantage to see the inside of the mouth for possible traumaRead MoreA Brief Note On Anorexia And Bulimia Nervosa1561 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst feminism, all play a critical role in contributing to these life-threatening illnesses. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two of the most common eating disorders. In both of these disorders, the sufferer may experience a fear of gaining weight and dissatisfaction with body appearance. What classifies one as bulimic is their binging followed by self-induced vomiting, versus those with anorexia who eat substantially less than normal with a primary goal of staying thin. If not treated carefullyRead MoreA Brief Note On Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Group1096 Words   |  5 Pagesvalidity and reliability for the numerous subscales, questions, and items throughout the assessment by obtaining many subsamples of individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia and a control group of individuals that did not have the disorder and looking at the results between the two. The researchers took three subsamples of female patients with anorexia nervosa that were being treated at the time. The patients were all at different steps in their treatment plans but none of the individ uals were fullyRead MoreA Brief Note On Western Iowa Tech Anorexia Nervosa1069 Words   |  5 Pages Anorexia Nervosa Alma I Puga Western Iowa Tech Anorexia Nervosa According to the National Institute of Mental Health, death from starvation, or medical complications, heart attacks or kidney failure, affects 1 out of every 10 cases of Anorexia. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is most common in young adolescents girls . People diagnosed with this disorder have a distorted view of themselves and a fear of gaining weight. They often restrict how much food they eat in orderRead MoreAnalysis of Caroline Walker Bynum ´s Holy Feast and Holy Fast 1803 Words   |  8 Pagespractices as described in the works of female mystics themselves and in the hagiographical vitae of female saints. Although this review will be chiefly focused on the latter portion of the work, â€Å"Chapter 6: Food as Control of Self† in particular, a brief overview of its preceding sections may be useful for setting context. The work begins with Section I, ‘The Background’ which consists of a general overview in medieval women’s social and religious history. The first section delineates the basic societalRead MoreQuestions on Abnormal Psychology4701 Words   |  19 Pagesmedication and surgery. Answer Key:  B Question 9 of 50 1.0 Points A few weeks ago, Marne experienced a sudden feeling of being removed from her body and observing herself sitting in class taking notes. This unusual experience has recurred. Yesterday, she had a sense that the hand that was writing notes was not her hand; she felt no pressure of the pencil against her fingers. Which of the following is most likely Marne s diagnosis?   A.Dissociative amnesia   B.Dissociative identity disorder   C.DissociativeRead MoreEating Disorders And Athletic Participation2416 Words   |  10 Pages Over the past twenty years, there has been a great increase of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa which have come out as major psychological and health problems. This increase in eating disorders has resulted from the intense societal pressure to diet and conform to an unrealistic weight and body size. For the general population of women, the lifetime number of anorexia nervosa is approximately 0.7%, and that of bulimia nervosa is as high as 10.3% ( Taub Blinde, 1992). Since many athletes containRead MoreDisordered Eating and the Media Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years the ideal body shape has progressed from voluptuous and curvaceous an image Marilyn Monroe emulated to a slimmer and leaner frame in congruence with high fashion models such as Kate Moss (Katzmarzk Davis, 2001). Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia nervosa affect between 1% and 4% of young adult females (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Eating disorders have been linked to body shapes and images present in the media (Shorter, Brown, Quinton Hinton, 2008). For many childrenRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1477 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. They all involve serious disturbances in weight regulation and eating habits, accompanied by adverse effects on social, psychological and physical aspects of one’s life (‘Eating disorders: About more than food’, n.d.). This essay will specifically be focusing on bulimia nervosa, as research shows a higher level of stigma associated with it, compared to other eating disorders (Roehrig McLean, 2009). Bulimia nervosa is characterisedRead MorePsy 410 Week 2 and 3 Matrix of Disorders7746 Words   |  31 Pageshaving a panic attack), Social Anxiety Disorder (e.g., being embarrassed in public), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (e.g, anxiety about being contaminated), Separation Anxiety Disorder (e.g., anxiety about being away from home or close relatives), Anorexia Nervosa (e.g., fear of gaining weight), Somatization Disorder (e.g., anxiety about multiple physical complaints), Body Dysmorphic Disorder (e.g., worry about perceived appearance flaws), Hypchondriasis (e.g., belief about having a serious illness), and

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Managing Change Important for Business Organizations Free Essays

â€Å"The ability to managing change Is an important factor for today’s business organization to remain competitive and relevant† Critically analyze and discuss the above statement and in particular discussed the type of changes that an organization is subjected to and the effect of these changes to the organization. In addition, your discussion should include strategies in managing these changes Assessment Requirements Individual Type-written Report Maximum word length allowed is 3000 words The required content of the document produced Is required to be within specific axiom work lengths (In brackets) and to cover the specific areas as follows:- 1. A table of contents 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Change: Important for Business Organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now A list of figures and/ or list of tables where appropriate 3. Executive Summary-( 10 marks -300 words) 4. Introduction -( 10 marks -300 words) 5. Literature Review- Critical Analysis (60 marks -2100 words) 6. Conclusions- -( 10 7. References Presentation – 10 marks 8. Bibliography 9. Appendices if appropriate This assignment Is worth 50% of the final assessment of the module. Student is required to submit a type-written document in Microsoft Word format with Times New Roman font type, size 12 and line spacing of 1. 5. The Harvard Style of Referencing system is COMPULSORY. Necessary citations and references adopting the Harvard Referencing System. Students who have been found to have committed acts of Plagiarism are automatically considered to have failed the entire semester. If found to have breached the regulation for the second time, you will be asked to leave the course. Plagiarism involves taking someone else’s words, thoughts, ideas or essays from online essay banks and trying to pass them off as your own. It is a form of cheating which is taken very seriously. Take care of your work and keep it safe. Don’t leave it lying around where your classmates can find it. Malaysian Qualifications Agency Learning Outcomes Module Learning Outcome After completing the module, the student should be able to: Advance a multidimensional understanding of the drivers of globalization Critically evaluate a range of normative questions in relation to the effects of globalization on the economy and organization Have insights into contingency factors of technological advancement and environmental uncertainty which influence the decision to globalize Notes on Plagiarism Harvard Referencing Plagiarism Plagiarism is passing off the work of others as your own. This constitutes academic theft and is a serious matter which is penalized in assignment marking. Plagiarism is the submission of an item of assessment containing elements of work produced by another person(s) in such a way that it could be assumed to be the student’s own work. Examples of plagiarism are: the verbatim copying of another person’s work thou acknowledgement the close paraphrasing of another person’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation without acknowledgement the unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another person’s close paraphrasing with occasional acknowledgement of the source may also be deemed to be plagiarism if the absence of quotation marks implies that the phraseology is the student’s own. Plagiarisms work may belong to another student or be from a published source such as a book, report, Journal or material available on the internet. Harvard Referencing The structure of a citation under the Harvard referencing system is the author’s surname, year of publication, and page number or range, in parentheses, as illustrated in the Smith example near the top of this article. The page number or page range is omitted if the entire work is cited. The author’s surname is omitted if it appears in the text. Thus we may say: â€Å"Jones (2001) revolutionized the field of trauma surgery. Two or three authors are cited using â€Å"and† or â€Å"†: (Deane, Smith, and Jones, 1991) or (Deane, Smith ; Jones, 1991). More than three authors are cited using et al. (Deane et al. 1992). An unknown date is cited as no date (Deane n. D. ). A reference to a reprint is cited with the original publication date in square brackets (Marx [1867] 1967, p. 90). If an author published two books in 2005, the year of the first (in the alphabetic order of the references) is cited and referenced as AAA, the second as Bibb. A citation is placed wherever appropriate in or after the sentence. If it is at the end of a sentence, it is placed before the period, but a citation for an entire block quote immediately follows the period at the end of the block since the citation is not an actual part of the quotation itself. Complete citations are provided in alphabetical order in a section following the text, usually designated as â€Å"Works cited† or â€Å"References. † The difference between a â€Å"works cited† or â€Å"references† list and a bibliography is that a bibliography may include works not directly cited in the text. All citations are in the same font as the main text. Examples Examples of book references are: Smith, J. (AAA). Dutch Citing Practices. The Hogue: Holland Research Foundation. Smith, J. (Bibb). Harvard Referencing. London: Jolly Good Publishing. In giving the city of publication, an internationally well-known city (such as London, The Hogue, or New York) is referenced as the city alone. If the city is not internationally well known, the country (or state and country if in the U. S. ) are given. An example of a Journal reference: Smith, John Maynard. â€Å"The origin of altruism,† Nature 393, 1998, up. 639-40. An example of a newspaper reference: Boycott, Owen. â€Å"Street Protest†, The Guardian, October 18, 2005, accessed February 7, 2006. How to cite Managing Change: Important for Business Organizations, Papers

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Wal-Marts Global Expansions free essay sample

There it established a competitive advantage based upon a combination of efficient merchandising, buying power, and human relations policies. Among other things, Wal-Mart was a leader in the implementation of information systems to track product sales and inventory, developed one of the most efficient distribution systems in the world, and was one of the first companies to promote widespread stock ownership among employees. These practices led to high productivity that enabled Wal-Mart to drive down its operating costs, which it passed on to consumers in the form of everyday low prices, a strategy that enabled the company to gain market share first in general merchandising, where it now dominates, and later in food retailing, where it is taking market share from established supermarkets. By 1990, however, Wal-Mart realized that its opportunities for growth in the United States were becoming more limited. Management calculated that by the early 2000s, domestic growth opportunities would be constrained due to market saturation. So the company decided to expand globally. Initially, the critics scoffed. Wal-Mart, they said, was too American a company. While its retailing practices were well suited to America, they would not work in other countries where infrastructure was different, consumer tastes and preferences vary, and where established retailers already dominated. Unperturbed, in 1991 Wal-Mart started to expand internationally with the opening of its first stores in Mexico. The Mexican operation was established as a joint venture with Cifera, the largest local retailer. Initially, Wal-Mart made a number of missteps that seemed to prove the critics right. Wal-Mart had problems replicating its efficient distribution system in Mexico. Poor infrastructure, crowded roads, and a lack of leverage with local suppliers, many of which could not or would not deliver directly to Wal-Marts stores or distribution centers, resulted in stocking problems and raised costs and prices. Initially, prices at Wal-Mart in Mexico were some 20 percent above prices for comparable products in the companys U. S. stores, which limited WalMarts ability to gain market share. There were lso problems with merchandise selection. Many of the stores in Mexico carried items that were popular in the United States. These included ice skates, riding lawn mowers, leaf blowers, and fishing tackle. Not surprisingly, these items did not sell well in Mexico, so managers would slash prices to move inventory, only to find that the companys automated information systems would immediately order more inventory to replenish the depleted stock. By the mid-1990s, however, Wal-Mart had learned from its early mistakes and adapted its Mexican operations to match the local environment. A partnership with a Mexican trucking company dramatically improved the distribution system, while more careful stocking practices meant that the Mexican stores sold merchandise that appealed 1 more to local tastes and preferences. As Wal-Marts presence grew, many of Wal-Marts suppliers built factories near its Mexican distribution centers so that they could better serve the company, which helped to further drive down inventory and logistics costs. Today, Mexico is a leading light in Wal-Marts international operations. In 1998, WalMart acquired a controlling interest in Cifera. By 2005, Wal-Mart was more than twice the size of its nearest rival in Mexico with some 700 stores and revenues of $12. 5 billion. The Mexican experience proved to Wal-Mart that it could compete outside of the United States. It has subsequently expanded into thirteen other countries. Wal-Mart entered Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, and South Korea, by acquiring existing retailers and then transferring its information systems, logistics, and management expertise. In other nations Wal-Mart established its own stores. As a result of these moves, by mid-2006 the company had over 2,700 stores outside the United States, employed some 500,000 associates, and generated international revenues of more than $62 billion. In addition to greater growth, expanding internationally has bought Wal-Mart two other major benefits. First, Wal-Mart has also been able to reap significant economies of scale from its global buying power. Many of Wal-Marts key suppliers have long been international companies; for example, GE (appliances), Unilever (food products), and Procter Gamble (personal care products) are all major WalMart suppliers that have long had heir own global operations. By building international reach, Wal-Mart has used its enhanced size to demand deeper discounts from the local operations of its global suppliers, increasing the companys ability to lower prices to consumers, gain market share, and ultimately earn greater profits. Second, Wal-Mart has found that it is benefiting from the flow of ideas acro ss the 14 countries in which it now competes. For example, a two-level store in New York State came about because of the success of -multilevel stores in South Korea. Other ideas, such as wine departments in its stores in Argentina, have now been integrated into layouts worldwide. Wal-Mart realized that if it didnt expand internationally, other global retailers would beat it to the punch. Wal-Mart faces significant global competition from Carrefour of France, Ahold of Holland, and Tesco from the United Kingdom. Carrefour, the worlds second largest retailer, is perhaps the most global of the lot. The pioneer of the hypermarket concept now operates in 26 countries and generates more than 50 percent of its sales outside France. Compared to this, Wal-Mart is a laggard with less than 20 percent of its sales in 2006 generated from international operations. However, there is room for significant global expansion. The global retailing market is still very fragmented. The top 25 retailers controlled less than 20 percent of worldwide retail sales in 2006, although forecasts suggest the figure could reach 40 percent by 2010, with Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe being the main battlegrounds. Source: Hill, Charles W. International Business, 7th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2009. 2 Questions: 1. ) 2. ) How does expanding internationally benefit Wal-Mart? What are the risks that Wal-Mart faces when entering other retail markets? How can these risks be mitigated? Why do you think that Wal-Mart first entered Mexico via a joint venture? Why did it purchase its Mexican joint venture partner in 1998? What strategy is Wal-Mart pursuing – a global strategy, localization strategy, international strategy, or transnational strategy? Does this strategic choice make sense?